Impact of vaccination on COVID-19 severity during the second wave in Brunei Darussalam, 2021.

Objective: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccinations have been shown to prevent infection with efficacies ranging from 50% to 95%. This study assesses the impact of vaccination on the clinical severity of COVID-19 during the second wave in Brunei Darussalam in 2021, which was due to the Delta variant. Methods: Patients included in this study were randomly selected from those who were admitted with COVID-19 to the National Isolation Centre between 7 August and 6 October 2021. Cases were categorized as asymptomatic, mild (symptomatic without pneumonia), moderate (pneumonia), severe (needing supplemental oxygen therapy) or critical (needing mechanical ventilation) but for statistical analysis purposes were dichotomized into asymptomatic/mild or moderate/severe/critical cases. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify risk factors associated with moderate/severe/critical disease. Propensity score-matched analysis was also performed to evaluate the impact of vaccination on disease severity. Results: The study cohort of 788 cases (mean age: 42.1 ± 14.6 years; 400 males) comprised 471 (59.8%) asymptomatic/mild and 317 (40.2%) moderate/severe/critical cases. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed older age group (≥ 45 years), diabetes mellitus, overweight/obesity and vaccination status to be associated with increased severity of disease. In propensity score-matched analysis, the relative risk of developing moderate/severe/critical COVID-19 for fully vaccinated (two doses) and partially vaccinated (one dose) cases was 0.33 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16-0.69) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.46-0.82), respectively, compared with a control group of non-vaccinated cases. The corresponding relative risk reduction (RRR) values were 66.5% and 38.4%, respectively. Vaccination was also protective against moderate/severe/critical disease in a subgroup of overweight/obese patients (RRR: 37.2%, P = 0.007). Discussion: Among those who contracted COVID-19, older age, having diabetes, being overweight/obese and being unvaccinated were significant risk factors for moderate/severe/critical disease. Vaccination, even partial, was protective against moderate/severe/critical disease.

A test-based strategy for early return to work for health-care workers with COVID-19 during the Omicron wave, Brunei Darussalam, 2022.

Objective: This paper summarizes and evaluates a test-based strategy for early return to work for health-care workers (HCWs) with mild coronavirus disease in Brunei Darussalam during the Omicron wave in February 2022 and compares the characteristics of HCWs by how long it took them to return to work. Methods: The early return-to-work strategy involved testing on day 3 of infection with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and with a rapid antigen test on days 5 and 6 or days 5 and 7. Data about infected HCWs were extracted from the Ministry of Health's public health surveillance database. Percentages and proportions were used for descriptive statistics, and Pearson's χ2 test and the paired t-test were used to compare return-to-work patterns with demographic factors and vaccination status of the HCWs, as well as between cycle threshold (Ct) values and occupational groups of HCWs. Results: From 15 February to 15 March 2022, a total of 1121 HCWs were notified as being infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Of these, 175 (15.6%) were able to return to work on day 4 of their infection, 153 (13.6%) on day 6 and 268 (23.9%) on day 7; 525 (46.8%) required 10 days of home isolation. Statistically significant associations were observed between return-to-work periods and occupational group (P < 0.01) and Ct value (P < 0.01), but not between return to work and age, sex or vaccination status. Discussion: This test-based strategy ensured a balance between mitigating a shortage of HCWs and enabling them to return to work early without compromising their safety and that of their patients.

COVID-19 home remedy consumption and perceived effectiveness among adult population in Brunei Darussalam: a PLS-SEM approach.

BACKGROUND: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 affects the respiratory system and causes severe acute respiratory infections. Several cultures have influenced the use of home remedies to ease mild symptoms of COVID-19 sometimes alongside conventional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the usage of COVID-19 home remedies among the adult population in Brunei. METHODS: The study design was a cross-sectional study using an online survey and distributed nationwide. The statistical analysis of the data included descriptive statistics describing the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, their experience with COVID-19 infection, consumption of general home remedies and COVID-19 home remedy, their practice of COVID-19 home remedy use, and their attitude towards the general use of home remedy. Sub-group analysis including Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test was computed for the variables in relation to the COVID-19 home remedy use and the perceived effectiveness of the types of home remedy. Multivariate analysis including Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to determine the correlations between the factors and outcomes measured. P-value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant. RESULTS: There was a total of 864 eligible responses included in the study. The primary findings showed COVID-19 home remedy was used by 72.2% of the study participants. Most frequently used types of COVID-19 home remedy were cloves (37%), lemon (37%), and honey (23%). There was an infrequent usage of coconut (4.6%), eucalyptus oil (3.7%), habbatussauda (3.5%), traditional/ herbal cough syrup (2.4%), and turmeric (2.2%). The PLS-SEM demonstrated that 'Experience' appears to be a central endogenous variable that affects the decision on the use of COVID-19 home remedy. This relationship is mediated by 'Safety', 'Source', and 'Opinion' which have significant contributions to the outcome, accounting for 98.2% of the variance explained (R-square = 0.982). CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of this study establishes the baseline prevalence of COVID-19 home remedy consumption among Bruneian residents and compared the previous study on Brunei's general use of traditional medicine. The present findings could help nurses and other healthcare professionals in Brunei understand the practice of Bruneian adults on the consumption of home remedies for COVID-19.

Characteristics of Children with Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Brunei Darussalam.

Objective: This study aims to characterize the presentation, biochemical status of children with T1DM at diagnosis, the type of subcutaneous insulin regimens initiated, and to determine the incidence of T1DM in Bruneian children aged 18 years and younger. Methodology: A retrospective electronic and paper medical chart review was performed on patients aged 18 years and younger diagnosed with T1DM from 2013 to 2018 in Brunei Darussalam. Results: A total of 31 children with a mean age of 10.2 ± 3.6 years old were diagnosed with T1DM, of which 66.7% presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a majority in severe DKA with an intercurrent illness (p = 0.021). The mean HbA1c was 13.6 ± 2.7% with a mean serum glucose of 37.0 ± 14.9 mmol/L at diagnosis. In the majority of the children (67.7%), multiple daily injections of subcutaneous insulin were initiated. The incidence of T1DM in children aged 18 years and younger was 4.9 per 100,000 for the year 2018. Conclusions: The majority of the patients in this study presented with severe DKA with an intercurrent illness. This highlights the importance of childhood T1DM awareness among the public and healthcare providers. The incidence of childhood T1DM in Brunei Darussalam is similar to other countries in the Asian region, being relatively low, compared to the rest of the world.

Health status and genetic compositions of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) foraging in Brunei Bay.

Long-term monitoring of sea turtle aggregations is critical for understanding the impacts of environmental changes on their population health and habitat suitability. Brunei Bay is a significant foraging ground for green turtles in the South China Sea. We analyzed the body size, hematology and body condition of green turtles for their health status in their foraging ground in Brunei Bay over a period of nine years (2011-2019). Additionally, we used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to evaluate changes in the size and genetic composition of green turtle aggregations. Our findings revealed that the size composition of the green turtle population varied seasonally, but there were no significant temporal changes in genetic and size compositions. Hematology parameters and Fulton's body condition index were consistent with those reported for apparently healthy green turtles. Furthermore, we found that blood reference intervals indicated the turtles were healthy. These results provide valuable baseline data for future comparisons with other foraging aggregations and for long-term monitoring of green turtles in Brunei Bay.

"Embracing the Inner Strength and Staying Strong": Exploring Self-Care Preparedness among Nurses for Enhancing Their Psychological Well-Being against the Long-Term Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic in Brunei Darussalam.

During three years of the unprecedented, massive COVID-19 pandemic that affected the world, nurse front liners faced substantial challenges and experienced long-term adverse mental health. This study explored psychological self-care practices undertaken by nurses to strengthen their mental health and develop resilience in their professional care role while addressing the challenges of the COVID-19 era. A qualitative descriptive exploratory study was conducted on 40 nurses who worked in providing COVID-19 care across Brunei using focus groups aided by semi-structured open-ended questions. Data were thematically analyzed using constructivist grounded theory. Four themes emerged: (1) 'Care of the mind, heart and soul'; (2) 'Physical care for the psychological well-being'; (3) 'Venting out and distraction'; (4) 'Have faith, think and stay positive'. The challenges of dealing with a worldwide pandemic unintentionally placed nurses' mental well-being at risk while the government strategized and prioritized containing and preventing the spread of and death from COVID-19. Health administrators, as well as nursing educators, need to promote and develop resources to strengthen nurses' psychological self-care practices. This will not only benefit individual nurses but will help promote the well-being of patients and employees, improve the health of all, and counteract any unintended stressful situations, even beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Brunei Darussalam: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: We reported the incidence and associated factors of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Brunei Darussalam, an intermediate tuberculosis (TB)-burden country with stagnating annual TB rates. PARTICIPANTS: All active TB cases identified in the country between January 2001 and December 2018 (18 years). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual proportions of EPTB (overall and specific) were calculated. Multiple logistic regression was done to investigate factors associated with developing EPTB, when compared with pulmonary TB (PTB). Χ2 trend test was used to determine any trends during the 18-year study period. RESULTS: We identified 3916 TB cases, among which 743 (19.0%) were EPTB cases. Lymphatic (44.8%) and pleural (19.4%) EPTB were most common. The main modes of diagnosis were tissue biopsy (73.6%) and radiological assessment (18.3%). Treatment success and mortality rate were 79.7% and 7.0%, respectively. Associations with specific EPTB types varies with age-group and gender. Younger age-group (adjusted OR (aOR)≥1.94) and women (aOR: 2.45 (95% CI: 1.94 to 3.11)) had higher adjusted odds of developing lymphatic EPTB, but had lower adjusted odds of developing pleural EPTB (younger age-group (aOR≤0.54) and women (aOR: 0.41 (95% CI: 0.17 to 0.90)). When compared to foreign residents, locals had higher adjusted odds of skeletal (aOR: 4.44 (95% CI: 2.04 to 11.69)), gastrointestinal (aOR: 3.91 (95% CI: 1.84 to 9.66)) and other types of EPTB (aOR: 3.42 (95% CI: 1.53 to 9.14)). No significant trend differences were observed for overall and specific EPTB types. CONCLUSION: Despite being generally non-infectious and less recognised than PTB, understanding EPTB epidemiology is important as it also contributes to the overall TB burden in a country. Examining EPTB cases by their specific anatomical site would provide more information on risk factors. Raising public awareness on the EPTB symptoms and that TB affects lungs and other parts of the body could promote early health seeking behaviour and early EPTB diagnosis.

Patient satisfaction of breast reconstructive surgery following mastectomy in Brunei.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of Breast Reconstructive Surgery (BRS) on patients' satisfaction and quality of life following mastectomy for breast cancer. METHODS: A multi-method design study comprising quantitative and qualitative research was conducted between October to December 2019. The quantitative component consisted of a cross-sectional study using the Breast-Q questionnaire and the qualitative component involved in-depth interviews with eligible patients (N = 16) who underwent BRS following mastectomy for breast cancer. Quantitative analysis was performed including Fisher's exact test and One-way Analysis of Variance where a p-value of <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Qualitative data was thematically analysed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis. RESULTS: 14 out of 16 eligible patients participated in the study. We observed the lowest-scale score was for 'satisfaction with nipples' (mean score 32.7), followed by 'physical well-being: abdomen' (mean score 69.5). Despite a median score of 70 for 'satisfaction with breasts', patients were satisfied with the overall outcome of BRS (median score 80.5). Thematic analysis yielded three themes i.e. "I feel beautiful again" that described patients' satisfaction with aesthetic outcome with autologous reconstruction; "Striving for normality" that indicated BRS established back a sense of normality and improve their self-confidence and lastly, "I was well taken care of" highlighted the importance of providing 'well-informed' care to ensure overall satisfaction of their BRS journey. CONCLUSION: The uptake of BRS remains low since its availability in 2012, despite an overall increase in breast cancer cases in Brunei annually. Patients who underwent BRS have shown an increase BREAST-Q scores in breast satisfaction, psychosocial and sexual well-being after breast cancer treatment. Delivering high-quality patient-centred services and providing adequate information can influence the level of satisfaction for overall outcome. BRS should be considered as an important healthcare priority in Brunei and routinely be offered in the management of breast cancer.

Survival Analysis of Lung Cancer patients in Brunei Darussalam.

BACKGROUND: Cancer has been the most common cause of deaths in Brunei Darussalam including lung cancer as one of the top killers. This study presents the survival analysis of primary lung cancer patients in Brunei Darussalam. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of a 15-year period (2002-2016) involving 797 primary lung cancer cases. De-identified data extracted from Brunei Darussalam Cancer Registry was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Bonferroni corrections were performed. RESULTS: 6 months, 1-year, 3-year, 5-year survival rates of lung cancer patients were 62.2%, 51.0%, 38.0% and 34.7% respectively. The median survival time was 12.4 months (95% Cl: 9.2, 15.7). Patients diagnosed 2002-2006 had significant longer survival than patients diagnosed 2007-2011 (p=0.039) and those diagnosed 2011-2016 (p<0.001). Survival time of patients diagnosed 2007-2011 was significantly longer than patients diagnosed 2012-2016 (p=0.049). Patients with localised disease had significantly longer survival time than patients with regional involvement (p<0.001) and distal site involvement (p<0.001). Patients with distal disease had significantly poorer survival rate than patients with regional involvement (p<0.001). Patients aged 50 or above had significantly shorter survival time than patients diagnosed at age 40-49 (p=0.003). There was no significant difference between survival time of other demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The median survival time for lung cancer patients in this study was 12.4 months. Early diagnosis, early stage of cancer, and younger age were associated with longer survival time among lung cancer patients in Brunei Darussalam.

Study of risk factors and marker status in women with breast cancer in Brunei Darussalam.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between breast cancer staging and body mass index (BMI), menopausal status, and family history of breast cancer, as well as to assess the expression of tumor markers in women with breast cancer in Brunei Darussalam. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out at The Brunei Cancer Centre. Cases of women with breast cancer between 2000 and 2013 were retrieved from the medical records section and entered into a clinical proforma. These were reviewed and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. RESULTS: Overall, the mean age at diagnosis was 53.6 years ± 9.83. The postmenopausal women had a significantly higher risk of being diagnosed with late-onset breast cancer than premenopausal women (P = 0.022). The expressions of PR (P = 0.034), Her2 (P = 0.046), and CatD (P = 0.004) were significantly different in breast cancer staging. Other factors did not have a statistically-significant association with breast cancer staging. CONCLUSION: While most of the factors studied were not significantly different in breast cancer staging, our findings showed that it is recommended that high-risk women perform regular breast screening after the age of 40 years old. A future study highly appreciates comparing breast cancer risk factors among the Bruneian and Western populations.

Genetic structure and population history of a peat swamp forest tree species, Shorea albida (Dipterocarpaceae), in Brunei Darussalam.

Southeast Asia supports high biodiversity, in a mosaic of forest types formed by the expansion and contraction of habitats through past climate changes. Among the region's forest types, the geographical distribution of peat swamp forests has fluctuated intensely over the past 120,000 years. Most peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia are found in coastal regions and formed within the last 7,000 years after a decline in sea level. However, some peat swamps were initiated earlier on substrates of slightly higher elevation, and these peat swamps might have been refugia for peat swamp species in the last glacial period and the high sea level period. We assessed genetic diversity, genetic structure and divergence time of current genetic groups for Shorea albida in Brunei, an endemic tree species of Bornean peat swamp forests, using 18 microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity was not lower than has been found in other Shorea species, possibly because of the high density of S. albida in Brunei. Although overall genetic divergence between populations was low, two populations (Ingei and Labi Road 3) were distinct from the other populations. Analysis using DIYABC estimated that three genetic groups (Ingei, Labi Road 3 and others) diverged simultaneously from their ancestral population, whose effective size was very small, about 7,500 years ago, corresponding to a recent sea level peak in the Belait-Baram river basin. In that high sea level period, some higher-elevation lands remained, and peat formation had already started in this region. We propose that the current genetic structure of S. albida in Brunei was formed from small refugial populations that survived the period of higher sea level in these higher-elevation areas. Because of their relatively high genetic diversity, Brunei's S. albida populations should become an important genetic resource for the recovery of genetically healthy populations in other parts of northwest Borneo.

Cancer incidence and mortality in Brunei Darussalam, 2011 to 2020.

This study presents the trends of age-standardised incidence and mortality rates of common cancers in Brunei Darussalam from 2011 to 2020. All cancer cases diagnosed among Brunei Darussalam citizens and permanent residents in the period 2011 to 2020 were included in the study. De-identified data were provided by the CanReg5 based BDCR, Ministry of Health Brunei Darussalam. The annual age-standardised incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 persons were standardised by the direct method using the World Health Organization (WHO) world standard population distribution. Joinpoint regression analyses were used to study the incidence and mortality trends of cancer in Brunei Darussalam over the 2011-2020 period. Trends were expressed as average annual percent change (AAPC) over 2011 to 2020, or annual percent change (APC) for a given time period. There were a total of 6,495 new cancer cases diagnosed and 3,359 death cases recorded from 2011 to 2020, in Brunei Darussalam. The five common cancers for males were colorectal, lung and bronchus, prostate, liver, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Among females, the five most common cancers were breast, colorectal, lung and bronchus, corpus uteri and cervix uteri. The five leading cancer deaths for males were lung and bronchus, colorectal, liver, prostate, and stomach, while for females, the five leading cancer deaths were breast, lung and bronchus, colorectal, ovary, and cervix uteri. There was a significant increase in the incidence trend of corpus uteri (AAPC[Formula: see text]) and a significant decline in the incidence trend for cervical cancer (AAPC[Formula: see text]) from 2011 to 2020. There was a significant increase in the mortality trend of female breast cancer from 2011 to 2015 (APC[Formula: see text]), but the trend significantly declined from 2015 to 2020 (APC[Formula: see text]). We also found a significant decrease in mortality trends for stomach cancer (AAPC[Formula: see text]) from 2011 to 2020 for both genders combined. The burden of common cancers is expected to continue to grow with ageing population, effective public health interventions targeting high burden cancers and high-risk groups, and control of modifiable risk factors will continue to be the essential approaches in reducing cancer burden.

Biogeochemical and physical drivers of hypoxia in a tropical embayment (Brunei Bay).

Dissolved oxygen is an ecologically critical variable with the prevalence of hypoxia one of the key global anthropogenic issues. A study was carried out to understand the causes of low dissolved oxygen in Brunei Bay, northwest Borneo. Hypoxia was widespread in bottom waters in the monsoonal dry season with dissolved oxygen < 2 mg/L throughout the coastal zone. This was a result of riverine nutrient input primarily from the Padas river driving excess primary production and its subsequent sinking into stratified bottom water where its decomposition consumed oxygen. Despite higher riverine nutrient input in the wet season hypoxia was less extensive due to the combination of turbidity reducing coastal primary production, the intrusion of oxygen-rich water from the South China Sea into offshore bottom layer waters and horizontal flushing increase advection of phytoplankton biomass out of the bay. Future investigation of hypoxia in shallow tropical regions therefore needs to consider the role of monsoonal season.

Environmental radioactivity assessment of the Brunei Darussalam coastline of the South China Sea.

Radioactivity levels of naturally occurring radionuclides at the coast of Brunei Darussalam were evaluated along with their dose rates. Twenty-six berm and intertidal sediment samples were measured using gamma-ray spectrometry. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in berm sediments were 10.07 ± 1.02 Bq/kg, below the minimum detectable activity, and 21.44 ± 1.23 Bq/kg, respectively, whereas for intertidal sediments they were 7.01 ± 0.87, 1.67 ± 0.15 and 4.99 ± 0.42 Bq/kg, respectively. With respect to the radiological health risk, the average hazard indices, absorbed gamma dose rate, effective dose equivalent, and excess lifetime cancer risk were found to be less than the global average. Calculation of the activity ratio showed that 40K is the main source of radiation in the coastal sediments. Furthermore, the difference in radioactivity levels between the berm sediments and intertidal sediments collected at the same location was investigated. Finally, a standard geological terminology of the littoral zone profile is proposed for describing coastal samples for universal communication among researchers.

Post-COVID-19 health-care utilization: one year after the 2020 first wave in Brunei Darussalam.

Objective: Patients who recover from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection are at risk of long-term health disorders and may require prolonged health care. This retrospective observational study assesses the number of health-care visits before and after COVID-19 infection in Brunei Darussalam. Methods: COVID-19 cases from the first wave with 12 months of follow-up were included. Health-care utilization was defined as health-care visits for consultations or investigations. Post-COVID condition was defined using the World Health Organization definition. Results: There were 132 cases; 59.1% were male and the mean age was 37.1 years. The mean number of health-care visits 12 months after recovery from COVID-19 (123 cases, 93.2%; mean 5.0 ± 5.2) was significantly higher than the prior 12 months (87 cases, 65.9%, P < 0.001; mean 3.2 ± 5.7, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference when scheduled COVID-19 visits were excluded (3.6 ± 4.9, P = 0.149). All 22 cases with moderate to critical disease recovered without additional health-care visits apart from planned post-COVID-19 visits. Six patients had symptoms of post-COVID condition, but none met the criteria for diagnosis or had alternative diagnoses. Discussion: There were significantly more health-care visits following recovery from COVID-19. However, this was due to scheduled post-COVID-19 visits as per the national management protocol. This protocol was amended before the second wave to omit post-COVID-19 follow-up, except for complicated cases or cases with no documented radiological resolution of COVID-19 pneumonia. This will reduce unnecessary health-care visits and conserve precious resources that were stretched to the limit during the pandemic.

Whole-of-Nation Moral Learning by Spiritual Hearts: A Case of Brunei's Transformation to tackle the COVID-19 Pandemic.

All nations are continuously learning how best to live with the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing organizational moral learning and Islamic spirituality perspectives, this paper proposes a learning framework called the whole-of-nation moral learning by spiritual hearts to understand the dynamics of learning and change in a nation tackling the pandemic. It proposes that to overcome the pandemic or any other crises, governance requires the combination of moral leadership and followership by spiritual hearts as agents for moral learning and change, supported by realigned and reconfigured systems for holistic growth. Brunei's journey in tackling the pandemic illustrates the framework.

End-stage kidney disease in Brunei Darussalam (2011-2020).

INTRODUCTION: The Brunei Dialysis and Transplant Registry (BDTR) recorded data on patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) from 2011 to 2020, mainly for planning of services and benchmarking of standards. We report the trends of epidemiologic and performance parameters, compare performances between modalities of Kidney Replacement Therapy and evaluate the survival of ESKD patients over the 10-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups of data were analysed from the BDTR over the 10-year period. Epidemiological data, blood parameters and dialysis are key performance indicators. RESULTS: There are increments in prevalence and incidence of treated ESKD patients in Brunei over 10 years, especially with haemodialysis (HD). The projected prevalence and incidence showed an anticipated annual increase of 42.2 per million population (pmp) and 9.9 pmp respectively. Diabetes mellitus (DM) (79%) was the main cause of ESKD. HD (86%), peritoneal dialysis (PD) (9%) and transplant (5%) were the main modalities of kidney replacement therapy in 2020. Cumulative results over the decade showed significant improvements in serum phosphate, peritonitis rates and HD blood flow rates. PD patients have better survival rates, lower systolic blood pressure and better adequacy. PD survival (patient survival of 91%, 73% and 56% at 1, 3 and 5 years respectively) was superior to HD survival (86% and 64% at 1 and 2 years, respectively), but patient demographics (age and DM status) were different. The 2020 dataset showed satisfactory anaemia management but mineral bone disease management was sub-optimal. Seventy percent of prevalent HD patients had arteriovenous fistula access. Thirty-two percent and fifty-two percent of HD and PD patients, respectively, achieved target dialysis adequacy. Peritonitis rate was 0.3 episodes per patient year. CONCLUSION: Brunei has a high incidence and prevalence of treated ESKD in the last decade, especially DM-related ESKD. This study has identified many specific areas to be targeted for improvements and provided evidence for further proliferation of PD and transplant preference policy.

The application of chemometrics in metals source of identification in Brunei Bay surface sediment.

Brunei Bay is a unique ecosystem which offers a vast biodiversity. This study was carried out to define the source of metals in the surface sediment of Brunei Bay to ensure the bay's health. The secondary data were analysed using chemometrics analysis to verify the possible factors that influence metals distribution in Brunei Bay sediment. Samples were collected several times during 2013 to 2014 using Ponar grab at 16 stations within the bay. Samples were then dried, pre-treated, digested and analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) in the laboratory. Overall, the mean concentration of metal, sediment pH and clay fraction were significantly changed during different sampling periods, as the changes were presumed affected by seasonal changes. The Pearson correlation has pointed that metals were dominantly derived by natural input; however, the total organic carbon was proven to be derived by anthropogenic sources. Moreover, the principal component analysis has verified that the distribution of metals in the bay's sediment was dominantly influenced by natural processes. However, the utilization and manipulation of marine resources are slightly affecting the bay's ecosystem which may deteriorate the ecosystem health soon.